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Traditional gender roles in Egypt are prevalent and clearly defined. These roles are largely associated with traditional Islamic family structures, wherein women's roles are closely tied to the domestic sphere and men's roles tied to the public sphere (see: Women in Egypt). Gender roles are based on assumed biological differences between the sexes and can lead to dramatically different life experiences as well as opportunities and outcomes for individuals. However, when looking at a number of indicators, women often find themselves disadvantaged relative to men. In 2011, the UNDP's Gender Inequality Index (GII) rated Egypt 126th out of 148 countries, with an overall value of 0.59, where 1.0 is a perfect score. These indicators suggest strong gender-based disparities in areas of reproductive health, economic functioning, and overall empowerment. Reasons for inequalities are numerous; social norms and attitudes, economic pressures, religious beliefs, and structural forces all help maintain the status quo. == Legal status and marriage law == Marriage is the formal institution wherein women’s different legal status is most apparent. Official age of consent for marriage is 16 for girls and 18 for boys, though child marriage of females still continues in certain areas without legal intervention.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/egypt )〕 Divorce procedures differ by gender, with divorces being more freely granted to men. A man can divorce his wife by saying “you are divorced” three times. The proceeding is then formalized within 30 days by registering the divorce with a notary. Women are then entitled to financial maintenance for up to two years. Some women, when negotiating with their husbands for divorce, are willing to forfeit the financial assistance in exchange for him initiating the divorce. Women sometimes choose this option because of the legal red tape that is involved in wife-initiated divorce. In the past, women were required to prove the fault of the husband before being granted a divorce. In 2000, the law was amended by “The Law on Reorganization of Certain Terms and Procedures of Litigation in Personal Status Matters”, a hotly contested legal act that broadened women’s access to divorce. Under this new law, a woman could pursue a divorce without having to prove the fault of the husband. However, this type of divorce, ‘khula’, would mean a reduction in the woman’s financial rights. The law is somewhat flexible in that it allows for the couple to adhere to conditions of divorce set up in advance.〔 Women are still able to pursue a divorce through the traditional means wherein the fault of the husband must be proven. This method allows women greater financial rights and protections. With Egypt's political upheaval and legal turmoil, the future of women's legal rights within marriage (and other areas) are uncertain. Islamist and conservative groups have raised objections to the Khula Law. These groups also oppose the institutionalization of CEDAW (the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women). Egyptian marital laws also allow for multiple spouses for all Muslim men. The same allowances are not granted for women, though a wife has some say in whether or not her husband takes a second wife. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gender inequality in Egypt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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